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KalviYogi Nagarajan
Indian Polity Background

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Page 80 of 171 Fiscal Discipline • Debt Control • Inter-Government Permissions

Borrowing Powers (Articles 292 & 293): மைய–மாநில கடன் வரம்புகள் & நிதிச்சிட்டம்

Indian Polity – Tamil | Simulation View

எப்படி மையமும் மாநிலங்களும் கடன் பெற முடியும்?

அரசு borrow செய்யும் போது அதன் நிதிச் சுயாட்சி & பொருளாதார நிலைத்தன்மை இரண்டும் முக்கியம்.

Article 292 → Central Government borrowing power
Article 293 → State Government borrowing power

ஆனால் statesக்கு ஒரு முக்கிய கட்டுப்பாடு:

முன்னர் state borrowed from Centre → new loans only with Centre's consent (Art 293(3)).

இதனால் நாடு முழுவதும் fiscal discipline பாதுகாக்கப்படுகிறது.

Centre vs State Borrowing – Infographic

Central Borrowing (Art 292)

No external limit except Parliament law.

State Borrowing (Art 293)

State legislature decides → but Centre consent needed in certain cases.

Market Loans

State development loans (SDLs).

Open Market Control

RBI manages govt borrowings.

FRBM Act

Fiscal deficit limits set.

Borrowing Process for States

  1. State legislature authorizes borrowing.
  2. RBI issues SDL bonds on behalf of state.
  3. If indebted to Centre → obtain central permission (Art 293(3)).
  4. Borrowing used for infrastructure + schemes.

Quick Check – Borrowing Powers

State borrowingக்கு எப்போது Centre அனுமதி அவசியம்?

  • Always
  • When state is indebted to Centre
  • When CM requests

Correct → When state owes money to Centre.

Simulation: Should State Take Centre Consent?

Buttons: "State wants new loan but owes ₹10,000 crore to Centre" / "State taking SDL loan in open market, no central debt" / "State borrowing internationally" Output: 1 → Centre consent required (Art 293(3)) 2 → Consent not required 3 → Not allowed (states cannot borrow internationally directly)

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